Hey, have you heard about Cosmetics?

COSMETICS

Based on the statistics from the National Expenditure US Government in the year 2013, about ¾ of the nation spent their money on food and eateries, ¼ of the nation spent their money on other expenses like electricity and etc. and the rest of the nation spent their money on cosmetic products for their personal use. Cosmetic products are being used more widely by everyone these days to maintain their beauty and people don’t mind spending their money on their personal care matters because everyone wants to look young and beautiful. Usage of those cosmetic products is not a harm if one knows how to use it wisely within their limits to prevent skin or health problems due to excessive usage.

What is cosmetics mean?
Cosmetics or also known as make-up are care substances used to enhance the appearance or odour of the human body. They are generally mixtures of chemical compounds, some being derived from natural sources (such as coconut oil) and many being synthetics. Cosmetic products are very important in human life due to the improvement of the living standards. Cosmetics include skin-care creams, lotions, powders, perfumes, lipsticks, fingernail and toe nail polish, eye and facial makeup, coloured contact lenses, hair colours, hair sprays and gels. 

We going to discuss detaily about the common cosmetics products, which are :

• LIP GLOSS
• FACIAL MAKEUP
• NAIL POLISH

LIP GLOSS

Lip gloss is a glossy liquid that moistens and can sometimes protect your lips. It comes in various colors and flavors, and sometimes even contains sunscreen! I chose to research lip gloss because it is a part of my everyday life. Lip gloss affects my life daily because it keeps my lips from drying out.
Lip gloss contains polybutene, a liquid, and hydrogenated polyisobutene, an oil that prevents water loss. Other ingredients in lip gloss are mineral oils, petrolatum, titanium dioxide, and many other chemicals that are hard to spell. Lip gloss can even be home made.

The main compounds of lip gloss are:

• Polybutene and hydrogenated polyisobutene are the two main components of lip gloss.
• Polybutene’s formula is C4H8.
• Hydrogenated polyisobutene’s formula is C4H7.

Here is a video about lip gloss.

FACIAL MAKEUP

Facail makeup is used almost everyday by thousands of girls around the world.Foundation is skin colored cosmetic used on the face and surrounding areas to create even skin tone and cover flaws. It can be oil based, alcohol based, powder based, water based, silicone based, or mineral based. 

Examples of facial make up:

The main compounds of facial makeup are: 

• titanium dioxide (TiO2)

• Talc a.k.a.magnesium silicate (MgSIO4) or (Mg3Si4O10(OH)2)

Talc

• metallic stearates (C17H35CO)

  

  metallic stearates structural formula

• Lecithin (C42H82NO8P)

NAIL POLISH

Nail polish can be used on fingernails and toenails, mainly by women. People also go to salons to get their nails done. It is very fashionable. Most nail lacquers today are non-toxic. People want brands of nail polish that are easy to apply, dry quickly, glossy looking, and last a long time without chipping.

Why and how does nail lacquer dry?
Once applied, the polish is exposed to air and the solvent evaporates (ethyl acetate), turning the liquid nail polish hard. If a solvent such as isopropyl alcohol or acetate is added back to it, it will become a liquid again. This also explains why nail polish hardens and cannot be used any longer if it’s left open.
 

Ethyl acetate

Why should you shake the bottle of nail polish before use?

Particles can only be held to the solvent for a couple of years. Shaking the bottle helps to restore the settled particles and to combine everything again

Why does nail polish smell? 

When ethyl acetate and butyl acetate combine they produce a very strong odor.

 

Butyl acetate

How do you remove nail polish from your nails? 

Nail polish remover. Mainly acetone. Can dissolve many plastics, glues, and paints

Acetone

Examples of nail polish:

MOM! HOW TO PREVENT MY FOOD FROM SPOILAGE?

FOOD PRESERVATIVES

Consumers in North America and Europe waste about 209 to 253 pounds of food per person every year. The USDA says the average person in the U.S. eats 4.7 pounds of food per day. So that means the amount of food we each waste in the U.S. per year would feed us for about one and a half to two months (44 to 54 days to be exact).
 
We can use food additives to prevent our food from spoilage. Food additives have been used by humans for centuries

What is food additives?

Food additives is a natural substances which is added to food to prevent spoilage or to improve its appearance, taste or texture.

What is the advantage of food additives?

They make food stay fresh for a longer time. Of course we can do that by putting foods in the fridge but this can make food stays fresh even longer time.

What is the disadvantages of food additives?

Some food additives may cause cancer, asthma, allergies and hyperactive. they make food less nutritious.

There are few types of food additives that make food does not spoil. The most common one are: 

• PRESERVATIVES
• ANTIOXIDANTS
• STABILISERS

PRESERVATIVES
Preservatives are substances added to food to slow down or prevent the growth of microorganisms, so food can last long.
Some preservatives causes side effect. Sodium nitrite is added to meats to preserve and stabalise the red colour of meat. However, sodium nitrite can cause stomach cancer. During cooking, the nitrites produces nitrosamines, which are carcinogensic. Eating too much food preserved with salts increases risk of getting high blood pressure, heart attack and stroke. Too much sugar intake can cause obesity, tooth decay and diabetes.

Examples of preservatives:

salted fish

food in vinegar

ANTIOXIDANTS
Food containing fats and oils can turn rancid, that is the fats and oils are oxidised to unplesant-smelling acids, on exposure of air. Antioxidants are added to food to prevent oxidation that causes rancid fats and brown fruits.
Vitamins C and E are the safest antioxidants known. Vitamin C inhibits the formation of carcinogenic nitrosamines, stimulates the immune system and protect chomosomes breakage. Vitamin E nuetralises free radical compounds before they can damage cell membranes.

Examples of antioxidants:

STABILISERS
Stabilisers are substances which help to prevent an emulsion from separating out. Stabilisers are used in food which contains oil and water. Examples of these foods are margerine, butter, ice cream, and salad cream such as mayonnaise.

Example of stabilisers are lecithin, mono- and di-glycerides of fatty acids.

lecithin

glycerides

NO NEED DOCTOR, I KNOW ABOUT MEDICINE !

MEDICINE

What does medicine mean?
Medicine is a compound or preparation used for the treatment or prevention of disease, especially a drug or drugs taken by mouth according to Wikipedia.

What does drugs mean?
Drugs is a medicine or other substance which has a physiological effect when ingested or otherwise introduced into the body.

Nowadays, people choose modern medicine compared to traditional medicine. Modern medicine are made by scientist in laboratories based substances found in nature.
There are many type of modern medicine.These includes:

• ANALGESICS
• ANTIBIOTICS
• PSYCHOTHERAPEUTIC MEDICINE

ANALGESICS
Analgesics are medicines used to relieve pain without causing numbness or affecting consciousness.
These medicine does not cure but provide enough relieve to the patients to allow them to carry out their daily routines and activities.
There are many analgesics. Examples of common analgesics are:

• ASPIRIN
• PARACETAMOL
• CODEINE

Aspirin

Aspirin structural formula

Aspirin used for pain relief, mainly where the inflammation occurs such as arthritic pain and dental pain. the active ingredient of aspirin is acetylsalicylic acid. Aspirin is naturally acidic.

There are side effects of taking aspirin. It causes internal bleeding and ulceration. but to reduce irritation in stomach, aspirin should be taken with a glass of water. Aspirin can cause brain and liver damage if taken by children those having flu or chicken pox. To be safe aspirin should be given to children.

Paracetamol

Paracetamol structural formula

Example of paracetamol

Paracetamol can be taken to relieve mild to moderate pain such as headache, muscle, and joint pains, backache and period pains for women. Unlike aspirin, this can be given to children according to recommended dosage so that no side effect will occur. However, it causes skin rashes, blood disorders and acute inflammation of the pancreas when on a regular basis for a long time. If paracetamol were taken without following the recommended dosage, it can cause liver damage.



Codeine

Examples of codeine

Codeine is an analgesic used in headache tablets and in cough medicine. Codeine mostly synthesised from morphine. Codeine may cause drowsiness when it is taken. Mistaken of this medicine may cause addition, depression and nausea.



ANTIBIOTICS
Antibiotics are used to kill or slow down the growth of bacteria. they are used to treat infection caused by bacteria. Most common type of antibiotics are penicillin and streptomycin.


Penicillin

Penicillin structural formula

Penicillin is one of the earliest and most widely used antibiotics. It is extracted from fungus and Penicillin notatum. This antibiotic is used to cure bacterial diseases such as TB and pneumonia.

Streptomycin
Streptomycin is an antibiotic product by soil bacteria of genes streptomyces. 

There are many side effects of antibiotics. such as headache, allergic reaction and diarrhoea.

PSYCHOTHERAPEUTIC MEDICINE
Psychotherapeutic medicine are used to alter abnormal thinking, feelings or behaviours. These medicine does not cure mental illness but they can reduce many of the symptoms of mental illness and be happy with his life. This medicine is divided into:

• stimulant
• antidepressant
• antipsychotic

Stimulant

This is to reduce fatigue and elevate mood. Eg: amphetamine and methylphenidate. High dose can lead to anxiety and hallucinations.

Antidepressant

This is to reduce tension and anxiety. Eg : barbiturates and transquillisers. Overdose of this can cause sleeplessness, coma and suicide.

Antipsychotic

This is to cure psychiatric illness. Eg : clozapine and halopeidol. This can cause drowsiness, dizziness and heart problems