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MEDICINE

What does medicine mean?
Medicine is a compound or preparation used for the treatment or prevention of disease, especially a drug or drugs taken by mouth according to Wikipedia.

What does drugs mean?
Drugs is a medicine or other substance which has a physiological effect when ingested or otherwise introduced into the body.

Nowadays, people choose modern medicine compared to traditional medicine. Modern medicine are made by scientist in laboratories based substances found in nature.
There are many type of modern medicine.These includes:

• ANALGESICS
• ANTIBIOTICS
• PSYCHOTHERAPEUTIC MEDICINE

ANALGESICS
Analgesics are medicines used to relieve pain without causing numbness or affecting consciousness.
These medicine does not cure but provide enough relieve to the patients to allow them to carry out their daily routines and activities.
There are many analgesics. Examples of common analgesics are:

• ASPIRIN
• PARACETAMOL
• CODEINE

Aspirin

Aspirin structural formula

Aspirin used for pain relief, mainly where the inflammation occurs such as arthritic pain and dental pain. the active ingredient of aspirin is acetylsalicylic acid. Aspirin is naturally acidic.

There are side effects of taking aspirin. It causes internal bleeding and ulceration. but to reduce irritation in stomach, aspirin should be taken with a glass of water. Aspirin can cause brain and liver damage if taken by children those having flu or chicken pox. To be safe aspirin should be given to children.

Paracetamol

Paracetamol structural formula

Example of paracetamol

Paracetamol can be taken to relieve mild to moderate pain such as headache, muscle, and joint pains, backache and period pains for women. Unlike aspirin, this can be given to children according to recommended dosage so that no side effect will occur. However, it causes skin rashes, blood disorders and acute inflammation of the pancreas when on a regular basis for a long time. If paracetamol were taken without following the recommended dosage, it can cause liver damage.



Codeine

Examples of codeine

Codeine is an analgesic used in headache tablets and in cough medicine. Codeine mostly synthesised from morphine. Codeine may cause drowsiness when it is taken. Mistaken of this medicine may cause addition, depression and nausea.



ANTIBIOTICS
Antibiotics are used to kill or slow down the growth of bacteria. they are used to treat infection caused by bacteria. Most common type of antibiotics are penicillin and streptomycin.


Penicillin

Penicillin structural formula

Penicillin is one of the earliest and most widely used antibiotics. It is extracted from fungus and Penicillin notatum. This antibiotic is used to cure bacterial diseases such as TB and pneumonia.

Streptomycin
Streptomycin is an antibiotic product by soil bacteria of genes streptomyces. 

There are many side effects of antibiotics. such as headache, allergic reaction and diarrhoea.

PSYCHOTHERAPEUTIC MEDICINE
Psychotherapeutic medicine are used to alter abnormal thinking, feelings or behaviours. These medicine does not cure mental illness but they can reduce many of the symptoms of mental illness and be happy with his life. This medicine is divided into:

• stimulant
• antidepressant
• antipsychotic

Stimulant

This is to reduce fatigue and elevate mood. Eg: amphetamine and methylphenidate. High dose can lead to anxiety and hallucinations.

Antidepressant

This is to reduce tension and anxiety. Eg : barbiturates and transquillisers. Overdose of this can cause sleeplessness, coma and suicide.

Antipsychotic

This is to cure psychiatric illness. Eg : clozapine and halopeidol. This can cause drowsiness, dizziness and heart problems